HOMEWORK- WRITE HALF PAGE ESSAY
Friday, 16 December 2016
Tuesday, 22 November 2016
Sunday, 20 November 2016
Tuesday, 1 November 2016
Gender Representation Theories
Earp and Katz
Butler
Steve Neele
Mysogyny- Googles Meaning- a Dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women (Prejudice- judging a book by their cover).
For example- Tiber- Kesha and Pitbull- the purpose of women is for the sexual enjoyment of men- the male subject was dressed up in a suit whilst the women were dancing around in little bikinis and short shorts.
WHAT IS GENDER?
"Sex" Refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.
"Gender" refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
Transgender...
Girl and boys magazines.
Butler
Steve Neele
Mysogyny- Googles Meaning- a Dislike of, contempt for, or ingrained prejudice against women (Prejudice- judging a book by their cover).
For example- Tiber- Kesha and Pitbull- the purpose of women is for the sexual enjoyment of men- the male subject was dressed up in a suit whilst the women were dancing around in little bikinis and short shorts.
WHAT IS GENDER?
"Sex" Refers to the biological and physiological characteristics that define men and women.
"Gender" refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.
Transgender...
Girl and boys magazines.
Girl magazine- Pastel colours, pinks and yellows, with doodles across the front cover- hearts, stars and flowers, "soft" and "swirly" font.
Fashion, jewellery, princesses- damsel in distress.
Boy magazine- Bold text, blue and reds, lots going on.
Action, superheros, strong- can't cry.
Men magazines- health magazines- they aren't a real man unless they are ripped/ Hentch
Women used as an accessory to men on front covers- if you get ripped and eat well, you will have lots of women after you.
Women- Losing weight- what people should look like
Are gender representations deeply engrained in the cultural psyche?
They are, baby toys are giving at the birth- pink clothes, pink balloons, toy kitchens iron boards. Blue clothes, blue balloons, giving tools and building.
Can these views change?
The suffragettes are examples of how when thoughts are shown for long enough, movement can occur.
Barbara Kruger:
Men don't need to be tough to be a hero and women aren't always the ones who need the help.
Masculinity and Femininity
The stereotypes- assumptions that are held about a social group. They are often used in a negative or prejudicial sense and are frequently used to justify certain discriminatory behaviours. Stereotyping is an important concept in terms of representation.- Simplification
- Exaggerated/ distorted.
Stereotypes changing with time- Germans- all Germans are not considered as Nazis anymore.
"All black people are uneducated thugs"- broken by People such as Martin Luther King and Barack Obama.
MASCULINITY:
a concept that is made up of more rigid stereotypes than femininity.
representations of men across all media tend to focus on the following:
- Strength- physical and intellectual
- Power- 007.
- Sexual attractiveness (which may be based on the above)
- Physique
- Independence (of though, action, finances)
Male characters are often represented as isolated, as not needing to rely on others (the lone hero). If they submit to being part of a family, it is often part of the resolution of a narrative, rather than an integral factor in the initial balance.
It is interesting to note that the male physique is becoming more and more important.
Earp and Katz- 1999- studies male representations in the media and found "a widespread and disturbing equation of masculinity and pathological control and violence."
They claim that the media is responsible for a steady steam of images that define "manhood" as connected with violence, dominance and control and create it as a normal and accepted part of masculinity.
The metrosexual-
One recent development in the representations of masculinity is the metrosexual (1990s)
The young single man with a high disposable income, living in the city- as it is near to the best shops. Metrosexual man is not gay but is often confused with being homosexual.
He is objectified and sexualised (turned into a sex object) which goes against traditional representations of masculinity.
The Fool/ Buffoon
The fool stereotype is a tried and tested formula- e.g.. the bungling father in TV ads and sitcoms. Usually well intentioned and light hearted, these characters range from slightly inept to completely hopeless in work or parenting and domestic situations.
On the surface it may seem a very pejorative representation of men however they still always come out on top.
For example Homer Simpson.
Representations of women across all media tend to highlight the following:
- Beauty (within narrow conventions)
- Size/ physique
- Sexuality
- Emotional
- Relationships
Women are often represented as being part of a context (family, friends, colleagues) and working/thinking as part of a team. In drama, they tend to take the role of helper (Propp) or object, passive rather than active (Mulvey)
Often their passivity extends to victimhood. Men are still represented as TV drama characters up to 3 times more frequently than women and tend to be the predominant focus of news stories.
Women and femininity.
Women have often suffered from a narrow set of representations in the media
They are often linked to the domestic situation.
Women as housewives or mothers.
OR as sex objects (sexualised and objectified) represented to entertain and titillate the male.
In advertising and magazines...
- They are shown as..
- Young
- Slim
- Overwhelmingly white
- Conforming to our image of ideal beauty (perfect skin, hair and alluring gaze)
In Non Fictional media-
Women's roles tend to be smaller and fewer than their male counterparts.
Due to the patriarchal nature of lout society- women are less likely to be the source of leading news stories (politics, business, law and religion stories.)
Since their roles int hess areas tend to be fewer in number.
How does society treat people who do not conform to gender norms (i.e.. men who are feminine and women who are masculine)?
Negative. looking at a younger generation, there may be bullying involved. Looking at the older generation they may look at it as wrong.
it isn't accepting, it is improving but not massively. It's changing- there is more diversity.
What is our societies dominant ideology about gender (i.e.. what gender attributes and behaviours are valued most in our society on the whole)?
Women should be submissive and men being dominant.
Gramsky- hegemony-men being in charge
Vern & Bonnie Bullough (1993)
Gender roles are equated with masculinity and femininity, male as provider female as nurturer.
These two concepts can help us understand how gender is social construction directly linked to heterosexual roles.
- Gender Identity- self conceives.
- Gender role- as it is perceived by others.
Camp as a subversive mode of opposition
Gay subtexts- pre-gay rights movement
Camp as the intellectual subversive presence in mass culture
Gender play/bending- David Bowie , Prince.
This image of Bowie can be used as an example here because of the use of makeup- makeup stereotypically is used by women, yet here, Bowie has a full face of makeup, with strong pink colours- the key colour associated to women.
Judith Butler
Gender is not the result of nature but is socially constructed.
That is to say, male and female behaviour and roles are not the result of biology but are constructed and reinforced through media and culture.
Butler argues that there are a number of exaggerated, disruptive "tongue-in-cheek" representations of masculinity and femininity, which draws attention to the idea that gender is socially constructed and cause what she refers to as "gender trouble".
"Queer Theory"- exploring and challenging the way in which heterosexual is constructed as normal and the media has limited the representations of gay men and women.
It challenges the traditionally held assumptions that there is a binary divide between gay and heterosexual, and suggests that sexual identity is more fluid. and example of the fluid of gender/sexualitiy can be Caption Jack Sparrow.
The Gay Gaze. Steve Neale (1992)
Images which show men in passive, submissive, sexualised poses' lying down, looking up at the camera so that the viewer is dominant can be described as homoerotic.
22% of reporters are female compared to 77.4% male.
Narrow representations...
young
slim
Overwhelmingly white
Conforming to our image of ideal beauty.
Feminism.
Compared to the past women nowadays have more rights.
At least 4 examples including historical text
include collective identity.
What the press say about these collective identities.
Buckingham- "They don't just present reality they re-present it".
Run by men for men. effected how the news is mediated.
A hegemonic view of society "fundamental inequalities in power between social groups. Groups in power exercise their influence culturally rather than by force.
Example- Fairy liquid 1966- advertiser was a male= "Make your hand look pretty" Its a female child as well- showing how boys wouldn't be in the kitchen. The reinforcing of female gender roles to recreate these gender roles in the new generation- the false consciousness- women should be conceded with keeping the houses clean.
The evolution
Scopophilia- The pleasure of looking a voyeuristic gaze directed at other people.
Gauntlet- negotiated acceptance of the media influenced by the media but not overwhelmed.
(STRINATI 1995)- "women are usually shown as being subordinate, passive, submissive and marginal, performing a liited number of secondary and uninteresting tasks confined to their sexuality their emotions and their domestic work".
Hav the roles changed? To an extent they have changed- they are given "more powerful" roles for example Harley Quinn appearing "powerful"- yet is still submissive to an abusive relationship- displaying have they haven't progressed far enough in order to say that there is no longer a division of the roles of women and males.
Wonder woman- This is a feminist icon and objectification of women.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06svrw2
Narrow representations...
young
slim
Overwhelmingly white
Conforming to our image of ideal beauty.
Feminism.
Compared to the past women nowadays have more rights.
At least 4 examples including historical text
include collective identity.
What the press say about these collective identities.
Buckingham- "They don't just present reality they re-present it".
Run by men for men. effected how the news is mediated.
A hegemonic view of society "fundamental inequalities in power between social groups. Groups in power exercise their influence culturally rather than by force.
Example- Fairy liquid 1966- advertiser was a male= "Make your hand look pretty" Its a female child as well- showing how boys wouldn't be in the kitchen. The reinforcing of female gender roles to recreate these gender roles in the new generation- the false consciousness- women should be conceded with keeping the houses clean.
The evolution
Scopophilia- The pleasure of looking a voyeuristic gaze directed at other people.
Gauntlet- negotiated acceptance of the media influenced by the media but not overwhelmed.
(STRINATI 1995)- "women are usually shown as being subordinate, passive, submissive and marginal, performing a liited number of secondary and uninteresting tasks confined to their sexuality their emotions and their domestic work".
Hav the roles changed? To an extent they have changed- they are given "more powerful" roles for example Harley Quinn appearing "powerful"- yet is still submissive to an abusive relationship- displaying have they haven't progressed far enough in order to say that there is no longer a division of the roles of women and males.
Wonder woman- This is a feminist icon and objectification of women.
It shows a powerful control of a women but at the same time suggesting in order for her to be notice as powerful her skin needs to be exposed- wearing as little clothing, showing all her legs and chest.
Three reasons why wonder woman shouldn't be a un ambassador.
Genderfuck- submersing the traditional roles.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b06svrw2
Tuesday, 18 October 2016
Bullet Boy examples of youth
2004. BBC films. London.
Starting in a police centre- teenager rebellion- Ann Gould.
Smoking whilst driving- Rebellion- Dangerous
Rude- swearing at a young boy- kicking him out in the middle of nowhere- swearing at him-
Teenagers own language- "Man" Kissing his teeth. "whats g'ning blud"- collective identity- may be rude to other people but care for each other- family.
Gang violence- confrontation- using dogs as a way to fight
Sexual natural- Ann Gould- 6 key stereotypes of youth.
Playing with guns as if they are a toy.
Adults smoking- symbolic- the teenagers are trying to be older than what they are.
Teenagers partying- inconsiderate- music up loud.
Represented are murderers.
Hegemony- Middle class are making these film to suppress working class- painting them in a bad light- so it might make parents keep their children under control- the ideology of protection.
Hedbridge- The fun side of youth- ice skating. but contrasted with the jump cuts with violence.
Warning signs- don't get involved- Althusser- his girlfriend telling him to not get involved- and then his mum.
Starting in a police centre- teenager rebellion- Ann Gould.
Smoking whilst driving- Rebellion- Dangerous
Rude- swearing at a young boy- kicking him out in the middle of nowhere- swearing at him-
Teenagers own language- "Man" Kissing his teeth. "whats g'ning blud"- collective identity- may be rude to other people but care for each other- family.
Gang violence- confrontation- using dogs as a way to fight
Sexual natural- Ann Gould- 6 key stereotypes of youth.
Playing with guns as if they are a toy.
Adults smoking- symbolic- the teenagers are trying to be older than what they are.
Teenagers partying- inconsiderate- music up loud.
Represented are murderers.
Hegemony- Middle class are making these film to suppress working class- painting them in a bad light- so it might make parents keep their children under control- the ideology of protection.
Hedbridge- The fun side of youth- ice skating. but contrasted with the jump cuts with violence.
Warning signs- don't get involved- Althusser- his girlfriend telling him to not get involved- and then his mum.
Perks of being a wallflower Examples of Youth
Driving a car- with music up loud "I don't care it's rock and roll"- even though it's late at night- no consideration
One minute they are arguing, then they are kissing- sexual nature of teenagers- Ann Gould.
"Please don't tell mum and dad" hiding behind their backs- being secretive.
The stereotype of them partying- throwing house parties without the parents being home= drinking "this is what fun looks like"- using it as an excuse to meet girls "your going to meet desperate girls"- no respect
Getting high.
Suicide in teenagers- the stress
"the island of misfits"
being careless- standing on the car.
One minute they are arguing, then they are kissing- sexual nature of teenagers- Ann Gould.
"Please don't tell mum and dad" hiding behind their backs- being secretive.
The stereotype of them partying- throwing house parties without the parents being home= drinking "this is what fun looks like"- using it as an excuse to meet girls "your going to meet desperate girls"- no respect
Getting high.
Suicide in teenagers- the stress
"the island of misfits"
being careless- standing on the car.
Exam Preparation
OCR Specification...
Question 2= 50 marks 50% of exam
Level 4- A grade- Must use 16-20 examples!
Terminology- 8-10.
Level 3- B grade- 12-15 examples
6-7 terminology.
Question 2= 50 marks 50% of exam
Level 4- A grade- Must use 16-20 examples!
Terminology- 8-10.
Level 3- B grade- 12-15 examples
6-7 terminology.
Monday, 17 October 2016
Homework- theoretical approaches to media representations of youth.
Media representations of youth reflect societies perceptions and concerns.
- You must present your arguments within the context of Collective Identity.
- You must reference a range of texts using accurate citations.
- You must reference theorists.
- You must compare historical.
Hoddies and gangs are two examples of the stereotypical collective identities given to teenagers through the bias form of mediation. Collective Identity is A set of individuals sense of belonging to the group or collective. The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values. Stereotypical, teenagers are presented to have a violent collective identity- as suggested and claim by theorist Ann Gould who has developed 6 key stereotypes in the media- one of which being Rebellious.
Acland (1995) has suggested the idea of media being a form of ideology of protection as media representations of anti-social youth reinforces hegemony. An example of this is the media during the riots. Newspapers such as the sun published several different headlined stories of teenagers and them being violent and dangerous- to which everyone should be scared of. This would thus lead to maintaing social order and hegemony because it would teach parents what teenagers are doing and for them to stop their children from becoming delinquent as well, they may stop them from leaving the house, or giving them a curfew- so they aren't out late enough to cause this danger. This is an example of age hegemony because parents are controlling their child as a way to stop the destruction from these "yobs"- their collective identity values causing harm to others. The hypodermic needle theory (1930) is an explanation of why people may be lead to believe such stereotypes. This is the argument that if people are given such representations of youth, enough times, and they don't look further into it, they may then whollyingly believe it- which is what the media wants from their audience.
In May 2016, ITV news published an article headlining "Teenager jailed for nine years for stabbing police officer". This as a headline is very mush shocking and disturbing to an audience and reader. Later on in 2016- in June, another headline reads "Brutal attack by gang of youths on teenager outside east London McDonald's burger shop caught on CCTV". Both of these example are just the mere couple of thousands of different articles on youth- both displaying and forming a destructive stereotype of labeling youth as a collective identity and culture in general. This can be argued by a sociologist Merton as having a leading effect known as the self-fulfilling prophecy- this is when longer enough labelled as the negative stereotypes, they internally start to believe in this way, for example, if someone is always labelled as someone who goes out looking for trouble and causes violence, when they do not, if given this labeled long enough, this teenager may start to think that maybe they are just another violent teen and start behaving in this way anyway- because they might as well if they are already given this label.
An article was publishes by The Independent- by Richard Garner- with the headline "Hoodie, Louts, Scum": how the media demonises teenagers. This article goes on to talk about different figures revealing how mediation negatively displays youth. Collecting example such as- 4,374/8,629 newspapers about teenagers in the past year were about crime. Furthermore showing how fewer than one in 10 articles about young people actually quoted young people or included their perspective in the debate- this shows how mediation has taken place into describing teenagers. It is one sided and can be argued as bias, thus being an unreliable source of evidence. However, as the newspaper "The Sun", is the most popular read newspaper, it is easy for Rupert Murdoch to spread his right winged ideology of teenagers being troublesome very easily. This is further supported by theorist Greg Philo who argues that contemporary "hoodie cinema" reflects middle class anxiety about the threat of teenagers dominance posed by the working class.
Leading on from this, theorist Angela McRobbie suggests that contemporary British Tv normally containts "symbolic violence" against the working class, in the modern day, an example of this is the popular TV show "Waterloo Road", this is a TV programme showing a destructive school- with students all mainly from the working class background, it is able to form a strong stereotype of all youths being this destructive and not listening to the teachers.
An "older" example of representations of youth is the film Quadrophenia. This film is about the different groups around the 60s- the confrontation between collective identity groups; the Mods, and the Rockers. This film goes on to show the difference between the two groups and the battle "of the cults". This film shows how youth isn't just one collective identity, there are many sub groups within youth- such as Mods, Rockers, Punks, Hippies, Emos, Hoodies... and so on. This film shows the meeting of the two groups in Brighton and the police acting as a deterant have to break up this "war" and it shows them breaking shop windows, running into peoples gardens and hurting each other. This example is an example of Hedbrige's claim that media representations of young people is portrayed as either fun or trouble, there is no in between; for this film, it is all trouble, even when it could be argued they are having fun- at the establishing scene in a party, they are still doing illegal things such as taking drugs- thus suggesting that in the 60s the creators of this film wanted to show teenagers as violent and destructive.
A more modern version of a movie which portrays teenagers is the film St. Trinians. This movie has similarities to the idea of Quadrophenia as a way of showing the different subcultures of youth. However St. Trinian leads to show the audience how even though teenagers may be the emos, the geeks, the CHAVS, the posh totties, the odds and the Eco freaks (the groups displayed in the movie) they can still all work together in order to get what they want- to complete a robbery. Thus showing how teenagers all together are troublesome.
Through the use of movies, across the years different stereotypes of youth have been taught and portrayed to audiences across the world. Starting with older films, such as the British view of youth in the film Bullet Boy; made in 2004, by BBC films in London. This film starting with a teenager within a police center, he has just been let out, the audience are unsure what for, but it appears he is "on bail", if he does wrong again he will be back there. This automatically gives a negative stereotype of representing youth. Through the examples of Ann Gould's stereotypes, this establishing shot conveys a rebellion stereotype- even 2 minutes into the film. This rebellion stereotype is portrayed across the film through various ways, for example, the speech between the friends is "their own" as a way to break away from everyone else, not speaking "properly", examples of this is them "kissing their teeth" when they don't like something, or the words used such as "what's g'urning blud"- showing their collective identity. On the other hand, this movie portrays the negative sides of youth, but it also portrays how they can be rude to "outsiders" but really care for their friends and family- reinforcing the collective identity perspective. Furthermore, this British film includes hegemony, it is the Middle Class who are making these films in order to suppress the working class in a negative light- as always looking for trouble, putting them in a bad light, thus linking to the use of ideology of protection, parents may see this movie and try to keep their child not to be like this.
Across the years, Americanisation has occured- where the majority of the media we are presented with it from the American perspective. Another example of representations of youth in modern media is the movie- Perks Of Being A Wallflower, made in 2014, with world known actors such as Emma Watson, making this movie "one to watch". It portrays youth in a much less violent way than the Bullet Boy movie did. This may be an across of how representations of youth over time have lessened on how harshly they exaggerate the youth identity. This movie is an example of theorist Hedbridge- youth either being fun or trouble. We were shown a small section of the movie, starting with a couple of friends in a car, driving late at night dropping friends home, they are shown with the music on really loudly with the windows down, this shows the lack of consideration they have as they are driving through a housing estate where people would have been more than likely sleeping. However, some may look at this and say they aren't doing any real harm as they would drive past a house and seconds later would be quite again- they are just having fun. The clip we were shown ended with them introducing the "new kid" into their group calling it "the island of misfits"- this is their collective identiy, they don't feel as if they fit in anywhere, yet they all fit in together- the irony is shown here into representing youth that nothings ever enough- they fit in together, yet they still class themselves as outcasts because they don't fit in with the "norm", yet who's to say what the "norm" is. Thus representing youth as peer pressure confound.
Through the use of movies, across the years different stereotypes of youth have been taught and portrayed to audiences across the world. Starting with older films, such as the British view of youth in the film Bullet Boy; made in 2004, by BBC films in London. This film starting with a teenager within a police center, he has just been let out, the audience are unsure what for, but it appears he is "on bail", if he does wrong again he will be back there. This automatically gives a negative stereotype of representing youth. Through the examples of Ann Gould's stereotypes, this establishing shot conveys a rebellion stereotype- even 2 minutes into the film. This rebellion stereotype is portrayed across the film through various ways, for example, the speech between the friends is "their own" as a way to break away from everyone else, not speaking "properly", examples of this is them "kissing their teeth" when they don't like something, or the words used such as "what's g'urning blud"- showing their collective identity. On the other hand, this movie portrays the negative sides of youth, but it also portrays how they can be rude to "outsiders" but really care for their friends and family- reinforcing the collective identity perspective. Furthermore, this British film includes hegemony, it is the Middle Class who are making these films in order to suppress the working class in a negative light- as always looking for trouble, putting them in a bad light, thus linking to the use of ideology of protection, parents may see this movie and try to keep their child not to be like this.
Across the years, Americanisation has occured- where the majority of the media we are presented with it from the American perspective. Another example of representations of youth in modern media is the movie- Perks Of Being A Wallflower, made in 2014, with world known actors such as Emma Watson, making this movie "one to watch". It portrays youth in a much less violent way than the Bullet Boy movie did. This may be an across of how representations of youth over time have lessened on how harshly they exaggerate the youth identity. This movie is an example of theorist Hedbridge- youth either being fun or trouble. We were shown a small section of the movie, starting with a couple of friends in a car, driving late at night dropping friends home, they are shown with the music on really loudly with the windows down, this shows the lack of consideration they have as they are driving through a housing estate where people would have been more than likely sleeping. However, some may look at this and say they aren't doing any real harm as they would drive past a house and seconds later would be quite again- they are just having fun. The clip we were shown ended with them introducing the "new kid" into their group calling it "the island of misfits"- this is their collective identiy, they don't feel as if they fit in anywhere, yet they all fit in together- the irony is shown here into representing youth that nothings ever enough- they fit in together, yet they still class themselves as outcasts because they don't fit in with the "norm", yet who's to say what the "norm" is. Thus representing youth as peer pressure confound.
Tuesday, 11 October 2016
Contemporary Media Issues- Youth
More examples we can use are…
Waterloo road,
Bad education.
Must include as many examples and theorist as you can link= more marks.
Information I found shocking from the link above:
The Independent- Richard Garner; "Hoodies, Louts, Scum": how media demonises teenagers
"Attack the blog"- A film showing british culture- youth.
~The representations of youth… shown are "yobs" and "scum" who are violent and you should be wary of them.
~The effects of these representations…Makes teenagers feel like everyone thinks they are bad, making them act in this way, because if people think they are this, why not do it?- I this case leading to the Self Fulfilling prophecy.
~The role of media representations in society...
HOMEWORK!!!!
For example- the police- In the Hillsborough disaster- because the police had power they got away for so many years at the fans being the reason for the event, even though now we know this not to be true.
Hebdige- Media representations of young people is portrayed as either fun or trouble. Artificial tribes. Youth subcultures resist hegemony through style.
Skin heads- 1970s- unemployments- fat cats- they were saying society was bad, they didn't want to belong to it, thought society had nothing to do with them, they just wanted to have fun.
Punks
Hippie,
Hoodies
In the modern day, youth is shown as "dangerous" and "thugs", through wearing hoodies.
I think this is a wrong stereotype, even though there as such groups who wear hoodies and aren't nice, although not every aspect of the youth culture is in this way.
Media coverage-
Acland- 1995- The effects of media representations of delinquent youth, Developed the concept of the ideology of protection, media representations of anti-social youth reinforces hegemony (need to control them or they will be destructive- the media during the riots- they published headlines calling them delinquents and getting people to restrict them from going out (parents) so they don't get involved in that behaviour.
To maintain social order and hegemony.
Examples:
Quadrophenia~ the police arrested them for being trouble, their parents shouted at them for having drugs. To teach parents not to let their children be this way- to discipline them. He was out of control, his parents told him to "buck his ideas up"-
Kidulthood
Babylon
Bullet Boy
St. Trinians
Gerbner-1986-Cultivation theory- The effect of television on viewers. The repetitive nature of tv means that over time tv influences how people see the world- The constant view that teenagers are bad, the older generation may be lead to believe this is true and to make sure their children don't go down this route. The older generation would also try to get the streets better- getting the police to control the youth.
The more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on tv.
It is used to be the parent, the school, the church, the community. Now its a handful of global conglomerates that have nothing to tell, but a great deal to sell.
For example:
Rupert Murdoch- The news corporation- The Sun- They may be biased- Right wing influenced.
Greg Philo- Argues that contemporary "hoodie cinema" reflects middle class anxiety about the threat to their dominance posed by the working class.
Angela McRobbie- Suggests that contemporary British Tv often contains "symbolic violence" against the working class, for example, representations which emphasise middle class dominance and depict the working class in very negative ways
Ann Gould- 6 key stereotypes in the medias representation of youth…
Rebellious
Artificial tribe
Sexual
Nihilistic- not following state rules.
Violent
Self destructive.
Two newspapers articles of how youth is represented.
Theres a drive to tell people and make them think that all teenagers are "Violent"- Ann Gould's stereotypes- And the protection ideology- informing people to keep children inside the house, but also people could argue there needs to be more police. The hegemony here can be the control of the police- keeping and informing other teenagers not to behave like this or they too will be sentenced to prison- acting as a deterrent for them to display these behaviours.
Giroux- 1997- Youth becomes an empty category in representation- reflects adults concerns. Media representation of youth does not reflect reality of youth identity- its an exaggerated caricatures. Watching too much tv in order to believe it.
Cohen- The mods and the rockers riots in the 1960s. From time to time "folk devils" emerge.
Lots of the information was fictitious.
They wanted to make a negative stereotyped view of youth. Out a dampener of the people coming through and trying to join, trying to involvck the parents to stop their children buying things such as bikes.
Tuesday, 4 October 2016
Generic Theory
Hypodermic Needle theory- 1930s
Cohen's moral panic theory: 1972
Add meanings and quotes and visuals.
Representation- the way ideas, objects, people, groups and life forms are depicted by the mass media. Any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of a media text.
The way the media represent women...
The way I think the media should portray women…
Collective Identity- The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values, (part of personal identity). Not just the representations from mainstream media but also through self construction by users of media. (Social networking, pub discussions, etc). "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"
Mediation- Is the process of selection and shaping, creating meaning from an original event- The editors version of reality is represented to public.
It is the process through which representations are created.
Structuration- the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change) The change of the social norms- for example the change of the lack of stigma to homosexual couples. The way media operated years ago has changed.
Buckingham- (2008) "Identity is complicated/ complex" "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"- (radicalisation)- If the media was to only look at one aspect of something, a social group, for example youth, may be lead wrongly and negatively, for example in looking a different races.
Giddens-There is a social structure which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures (rules/ expectations/ social order). (being pressured to act in a certain way because of "Social norms"- the way society has made us think- If our teacher was to walk in wearing bright makeup and a dress, we might be a bit confused and question it- because of how we have been brought up, by our parents, but also the media. "The two step flow theory" , For example, generations before used to always go to church, yet over time this has stopped.
People used to have to be married before having a child, if a child was born out of wed-lock, it was stigmatised, yet now there has been a lack of stigma- society has changed.
Women used to have no independence, having no vote, any thing they owned was said to be their husbands- but then there was the suffragette movement- giving women the rights.
When they (individuals) act differently the social structure can change. STRUCTUATION is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change)
Cohen's moral panic theory: 1972
Add meanings and quotes and visuals.
Representation- the way ideas, objects, people, groups and life forms are depicted by the mass media. Any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of a media text.
The way the media represent women...
Women are being show what the "perfect" body type is an how they should look. Which is having a negative effect on society because vulnerable teens are being brain washed into thinking this is right. Alongside this, teenagers are constantly being shown images of women such as this advert, to make other people feel bad about how they look- ruining their mental health, making the product to be brought. This is an oppressing media representation because this model is underdress- which also implies that to be "pretty" you much show as much skin as possible.
The way I think the media should portray women…
However I think the representation of women should be more on the lines of celebrities such as Jennifer Lawrence, who was told she was "too fat" to be in the movies, yet she refused to sink to peer pressure and stayed the same. Furthermore, If role models such as Jennifer Lawrence would be much more empowering for the younger generation.
Collective Identity- The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values, (part of personal identity). Not just the representations from mainstream media but also through self construction by users of media. (Social networking, pub discussions, etc). "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"
This could have an influence of peoples opinions on the views of teenagers- and more importantly "CHAVS", as they are having children when they are still children themselves, this can have an impact on teenagers themselves because they may see the newspapers such as these, and may think this is okay, and they too are able to have children because if these teens can do it, so can they.
Mediation- Is the process of selection and shaping, creating meaning from an original event- The editors version of reality is represented to public.
It is the process through which representations are created.
After the hillsborough disaster, The Sun newspaper created a headline making it appear that the police were trying their hardest and it was all the fans fault- this help the police cover up their tracks, and it has taken 27 years to finally reveal that it was actually the polices fault- The Sun only showed a bias side and didn't include the side of the victims.
Identity- this can be argued to be something unique to each of us that we assume is more or less consistent (and hence the same) over time… Our identity is something we uniquely possess: it is what distinguishes us from others.
Structuration- the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change) The change of the social norms- for example the change of the lack of stigma to homosexual couples. The way media operated years ago has changed.
Buckingham- (2008) "Identity is complicated/ complex" "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"- (radicalisation)- If the media was to only look at one aspect of something, a social group, for example youth, may be lead wrongly and negatively, for example in looking a different races.
A way to understand Buckinghams theory of ""A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups", Is Kim Kardashian, because if teenagers are following people such as her, they are being led to thinking this is the way all women should look, it objectifies women into thinking, they need a big enough bum, to be able to balance a win glass on it.
Gauntlett- "identity is now consciously constructed, and the media provides some of the tools to help us construct our identities. The media contains a huge number of messages about identity and acceptable lifestyles. At the same time the public have their own diverse set of feelings. The media and media consumers are engaged in a dialogue in which neither overpowers the other"(This links to the "hypodermic needle theory" and Halls, Encoding and Decoding.
(The media choose how identity is represented)
One of the examples that can show this theory is The Suns newspaper of 1 in 5 Brit Muslims' sympathy for jihadis.
Giddens-There is a social structure which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures (rules/ expectations/ social order). (being pressured to act in a certain way because of "Social norms"- the way society has made us think- If our teacher was to walk in wearing bright makeup and a dress, we might be a bit confused and question it- because of how we have been brought up, by our parents, but also the media. "The two step flow theory" , For example, generations before used to always go to church, yet over time this has stopped.
People used to have to be married before having a child, if a child was born out of wed-lock, it was stigmatised, yet now there has been a lack of stigma- society has changed.
Women used to have no independence, having no vote, any thing they owned was said to be their husbands- but then there was the suffragette movement- giving women the rights.
When they (individuals) act differently the social structure can change. STRUCTUATION is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change)
An example of this is the film Hairspray because it shows the division of how the black people were inferior to white people. This film included the different parts of racism.
Tuesday, 27 September 2016
Tuesday, 20 September 2016
Collective identity~ Islam
Would it be the same if it were someone else? of another religion
For example, Disney's Aladdin.
This news article shows point 4 in the slide above because it shows how the westernisation of countries is due to the exploitation- President Bush invaded Iraq purely for their oil.
"Hate against muslims is normal"
France- They banned the burkini for being "offensive" even though its very similar to a wet suit, as it is their religion why should it be banned?
Do 20% of British Muslims really sympathise
with jihadists?
As The Sun added the percentages together, this shows how they twisted the results- proving this to be a form of mediation as it is biased, with The Sun being a Right Wing influenced newspaper, it shows how their views of pro-exploitation would influence their final result- Thus picking the result which best fits their values on the subject. Additionally, the questions were worded very badly, they weren't actually about "the sympathy for Jihadis" but actually the "sympathy on the young Muslims who leave the UK", if the question was worded, "Do you feel sympathy for Jihadi" the results would be completely different. This links with the Cohen's theory because it shows the "folk devil" view of how "all Muslims" are violent and see to be uncivilised (also linking with orientalism). Furthermore, with the motive of the newspaper being Right wing, they would want the view of Muslims being a stereotype- therefore with a headline being "1 in 5 British Muslims sympathise with Jihadists", the audience would be shocked and want to read this, thus making it an unreliable source of information as they twisted the wording, it made to look much more extreme than it really was. Linking with the hypodermic needle theory because if someone was to just read newspapers and not go on the internet, they may not be able to look further into the statistics and may be led to believe this was really true and be horrified, but truth would be that The Sun worded it wrong and mislead the questionnaire in receiving these statistics.
This translates to "2 child menus for the price of one", with the "so close to their goal". As thousands of Muslims were immigrating into the west to escape, hundreds were dying, including hundreds of children- as like in the cartoon above (a dead child on the shore). An image was spread around the world of the child "Aylan" whom is an example of an infant who's body was found on the shores of Turkey, raising the awareness of the damaged which is happening due to the immigrants trying to escape from Syria. However, even though everyone was shocked by this event of a child dying and their body being found on the shore, Charlie Hebdo made this satire cartoon, displaying a western company (McDonalds) with a smiling clown- used to be a character of child interest, thus showing how even though everything is happening with all these children dying, the western companies would continue to produce their western ideology to continue to exploit the western and developing world.
Another example can include Lee Rigby
From Charlie Hedbo to Chapel hill
Paris attacks- police raiding 2000 muslims- it legitimises islamophobia
Verbal and physical attack
Keeping the fear of muslims alive
Reinforcing hegemony- making it appear that western values are "better" and the "right" way of living.
"The press don't present the facts the represent them " Buckingham- MEDIATION
Why is it happening to Islam?
(Its very similar to Christianity so why is there Islamophobia?)
Todorovs theory- The perception of Islam has changed- 9/11- when the 2nd plane came- the equilibrium is broken- it is clear the first one wasn't as accident- it was an act of terror
Gram-0- the memorial for the twin towers- showing anything they destroy they can rebuild- they come out stronger- the return of equilibrium
(these are the findings from DR Chris Allen's survey in 2012)
Tuesday, 13 September 2016
Collective identities~ Essay
These images are ones which show a youth collective identity because…
1. The stereotype of always being on their phones.
2. The stereotype of drinking in groups.
3. smoking
4. vandalising.
The reason I think these are a collective identity is because these groups are together in what they do
- Describing them as "Yobs" suggesting all teenagers are a stereotyped criminals
- The youth are the cause of the riots as they are careless and cause fires and vandalising things because they do not care.
- Being shown as troublemakers.
Right wing: Sun
Left wing: The Mirror
Homework:
Creating an essay!!!
Collective identity refers to a set of individuals sense of belong to a group/ collective, sharing the same values.A representation is the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way. Additionally, any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of the mass media. At the top of this blog post are four images which I chose to portray what "collective identity" is. The images I have chosen are a stereotypical collective identity of how I believe youth to be portrayed as. In the cases of my images, it shows how teenagers share the same values of being careless and destructive, including, drinking and partying too much and spreading graffiti within public spaces. Another stereotype I chose to include as an example of the youth collective identity is the anti-social aspect of it, they may be all out together but at the same time they'll be on their phones not actually verbally saying anything to each other, being more likely to be texting the person standing next to them. Furthermore, a collective identity includes the group of people giving into peer pressure as a result of being too scared to be "outcasted" from their group of friends. This links with an example image which I chose above as I picked an image of a youngish-looking teen smoking. You can therefore see how my images for collective identity, also convey the definition of representation, because using the stereotype of how the mass media constructs the term "Youth", I was able to pick out images "representing" the "collective identity". Even though the terms interlink, there is a different between the two. Collective identity is the stereotype itself- the way youth have the same values that going out smoking and partying all the time is the right way to behave. Whereas, representation is the way a stereotype is shown to an audience.
Mediation is the process of selection and shaping, creating a new meaning from an original event. This can also be called forming a biased view on a topic. For example is someone gave a speech, an editor for a magazine company (for example), may pick and choose what to include in the article and this way not be showing the whole truth of the speech. The people who make the decisions in the mediation process may something be influenced by their own beliefs or values- the editor for the magazine article may believe badly about immigrants and then be led to pick and choose what the person giving the speech about, to fit their opinion. This is the process by which representations are created, this is because those who do have power over what is included in the media, can form and shape stereotypes of the representations which best suit their favor. Another example of mediation being important with regards to representation (linking back with the images above of the collective identity), the media may believe the stereotype of youth is correct and everyone who is a teenager act in this manor. They may do this by making an article on all the bad things teenagers have done in groups, yet because they believe this stereotype is correct, they are likely to leave out the good factors which some groups of teenagers do, for example charity work. Therefore this shows how the mediation of views show a clear and at most time bias representation of a given subject. Above are two images of newspaper front covers, one being of the "Daily Mirror" and one of "The Sun". These are examples of mediation because it shows the representation of teenagers causing chaos. The Daily Mirror's headline is "Yob Rule", with the subheading of "woman jumps for her life as the riots spread", joined by and image of the woman jumping out of what appears to be a burning building. This conveys mediation because it implies how it is all "Yobs" causing this chaos, but is leaving out the factors that part of the youth identity would have either been at home too scared to leave their home or helping those who need help. Thus suggesting how mediation forgets half the information. Furthermore, even though the riots started with teenagers, it wasn't just them who continued the riots, some of the older generation joined in too. Over 3000 people were arrested over the riots, not all of these would have been "yobs" as images have shown adults too, looting shops for their own selfish needs. This supports how mediation attempts to form a bias view in their readers/audience.
Hegemony is the leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others. One social views being placed on the others, for example, age hegemony can be adults telling children what to do because they believe to have more power due to being older in age. Therefore, we can take this definition of hegemony to explain how this influences mediation because people may see themselves as "more dominate" and hold more right to create this biases of representations. For the instances of the newspapers above, The Sun holds a "right wing view" and therefore may see themselves as more dominant than the "lower class", of whom would have been in charge of creating the chaos which was the riots. Therefore, this hegemony The Sun believed they held, influenced the bias mediation representation of the lower class being the reason behind the riots- the reason I believe this is because the headline is "The 3rd day of mindless violence", "mindless" being the key word. This is because it implies a "looking down the nose" view at the class causing the "mindless" violence.
Collective identity refers to a set of individuals sense of belong to a group/ collective, sharing the same values.A representation is the description or portrayal of someone or something in a particular way. Additionally, any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of the mass media. At the top of this blog post are four images which I chose to portray what "collective identity" is. The images I have chosen are a stereotypical collective identity of how I believe youth to be portrayed as. In the cases of my images, it shows how teenagers share the same values of being careless and destructive, including, drinking and partying too much and spreading graffiti within public spaces. Another stereotype I chose to include as an example of the youth collective identity is the anti-social aspect of it, they may be all out together but at the same time they'll be on their phones not actually verbally saying anything to each other, being more likely to be texting the person standing next to them. Furthermore, a collective identity includes the group of people giving into peer pressure as a result of being too scared to be "outcasted" from their group of friends. This links with an example image which I chose above as I picked an image of a youngish-looking teen smoking. You can therefore see how my images for collective identity, also convey the definition of representation, because using the stereotype of how the mass media constructs the term "Youth", I was able to pick out images "representing" the "collective identity". Even though the terms interlink, there is a different between the two. Collective identity is the stereotype itself- the way youth have the same values that going out smoking and partying all the time is the right way to behave. Whereas, representation is the way a stereotype is shown to an audience.
Mediation is the process of selection and shaping, creating a new meaning from an original event. This can also be called forming a biased view on a topic. For example is someone gave a speech, an editor for a magazine company (for example), may pick and choose what to include in the article and this way not be showing the whole truth of the speech. The people who make the decisions in the mediation process may something be influenced by their own beliefs or values- the editor for the magazine article may believe badly about immigrants and then be led to pick and choose what the person giving the speech about, to fit their opinion. This is the process by which representations are created, this is because those who do have power over what is included in the media, can form and shape stereotypes of the representations which best suit their favor. Another example of mediation being important with regards to representation (linking back with the images above of the collective identity), the media may believe the stereotype of youth is correct and everyone who is a teenager act in this manor. They may do this by making an article on all the bad things teenagers have done in groups, yet because they believe this stereotype is correct, they are likely to leave out the good factors which some groups of teenagers do, for example charity work. Therefore this shows how the mediation of views show a clear and at most time bias representation of a given subject. Above are two images of newspaper front covers, one being of the "Daily Mirror" and one of "The Sun". These are examples of mediation because it shows the representation of teenagers causing chaos. The Daily Mirror's headline is "Yob Rule", with the subheading of "woman jumps for her life as the riots spread", joined by and image of the woman jumping out of what appears to be a burning building. This conveys mediation because it implies how it is all "Yobs" causing this chaos, but is leaving out the factors that part of the youth identity would have either been at home too scared to leave their home or helping those who need help. Thus suggesting how mediation forgets half the information. Furthermore, even though the riots started with teenagers, it wasn't just them who continued the riots, some of the older generation joined in too. Over 3000 people were arrested over the riots, not all of these would have been "yobs" as images have shown adults too, looting shops for their own selfish needs. This supports how mediation attempts to form a bias view in their readers/audience.
Hegemony is the leadership or dominance, especially by one state or social group over others. One social views being placed on the others, for example, age hegemony can be adults telling children what to do because they believe to have more power due to being older in age. Therefore, we can take this definition of hegemony to explain how this influences mediation because people may see themselves as "more dominate" and hold more right to create this biases of representations. For the instances of the newspapers above, The Sun holds a "right wing view" and therefore may see themselves as more dominant than the "lower class", of whom would have been in charge of creating the chaos which was the riots. Therefore, this hegemony The Sun believed they held, influenced the bias mediation representation of the lower class being the reason behind the riots- the reason I believe this is because the headline is "The 3rd day of mindless violence", "mindless" being the key word. This is because it implies a "looking down the nose" view at the class causing the "mindless" violence.
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