2004. BBC films. London.
Starting in a police centre- teenager rebellion- Ann Gould.
Smoking whilst driving- Rebellion- Dangerous
Rude- swearing at a young boy- kicking him out in the middle of nowhere- swearing at him-
Teenagers own language- "Man" Kissing his teeth. "whats g'ning blud"- collective identity- may be rude to other people but care for each other- family.
Gang violence- confrontation- using dogs as a way to fight
Sexual natural- Ann Gould- 6 key stereotypes of youth.
Playing with guns as if they are a toy.
Adults smoking- symbolic- the teenagers are trying to be older than what they are.
Teenagers partying- inconsiderate- music up loud.
Represented are murderers.
Hegemony- Middle class are making these film to suppress working class- painting them in a bad light- so it might make parents keep their children under control- the ideology of protection.
Hedbridge- The fun side of youth- ice skating. but contrasted with the jump cuts with violence.
Warning signs- don't get involved- Althusser- his girlfriend telling him to not get involved- and then his mum.
Tuesday, 18 October 2016
Perks of being a wallflower Examples of Youth
Driving a car- with music up loud "I don't care it's rock and roll"- even though it's late at night- no consideration
One minute they are arguing, then they are kissing- sexual nature of teenagers- Ann Gould.
"Please don't tell mum and dad" hiding behind their backs- being secretive.
The stereotype of them partying- throwing house parties without the parents being home= drinking "this is what fun looks like"- using it as an excuse to meet girls "your going to meet desperate girls"- no respect
Getting high.
Suicide in teenagers- the stress
"the island of misfits"
being careless- standing on the car.
One minute they are arguing, then they are kissing- sexual nature of teenagers- Ann Gould.
"Please don't tell mum and dad" hiding behind their backs- being secretive.
The stereotype of them partying- throwing house parties without the parents being home= drinking "this is what fun looks like"- using it as an excuse to meet girls "your going to meet desperate girls"- no respect
Getting high.
Suicide in teenagers- the stress
"the island of misfits"
being careless- standing on the car.
Exam Preparation
OCR Specification...
Question 2= 50 marks 50% of exam
Level 4- A grade- Must use 16-20 examples!
Terminology- 8-10.
Level 3- B grade- 12-15 examples
6-7 terminology.
Question 2= 50 marks 50% of exam
Level 4- A grade- Must use 16-20 examples!
Terminology- 8-10.
Level 3- B grade- 12-15 examples
6-7 terminology.
Monday, 17 October 2016
Homework- theoretical approaches to media representations of youth.
Media representations of youth reflect societies perceptions and concerns.
- You must present your arguments within the context of Collective Identity.
- You must reference a range of texts using accurate citations.
- You must reference theorists.
- You must compare historical.
Hoddies and gangs are two examples of the stereotypical collective identities given to teenagers through the bias form of mediation. Collective Identity is A set of individuals sense of belonging to the group or collective. The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values. Stereotypical, teenagers are presented to have a violent collective identity- as suggested and claim by theorist Ann Gould who has developed 6 key stereotypes in the media- one of which being Rebellious.
Acland (1995) has suggested the idea of media being a form of ideology of protection as media representations of anti-social youth reinforces hegemony. An example of this is the media during the riots. Newspapers such as the sun published several different headlined stories of teenagers and them being violent and dangerous- to which everyone should be scared of. This would thus lead to maintaing social order and hegemony because it would teach parents what teenagers are doing and for them to stop their children from becoming delinquent as well, they may stop them from leaving the house, or giving them a curfew- so they aren't out late enough to cause this danger. This is an example of age hegemony because parents are controlling their child as a way to stop the destruction from these "yobs"- their collective identity values causing harm to others. The hypodermic needle theory (1930) is an explanation of why people may be lead to believe such stereotypes. This is the argument that if people are given such representations of youth, enough times, and they don't look further into it, they may then whollyingly believe it- which is what the media wants from their audience.
In May 2016, ITV news published an article headlining "Teenager jailed for nine years for stabbing police officer". This as a headline is very mush shocking and disturbing to an audience and reader. Later on in 2016- in June, another headline reads "Brutal attack by gang of youths on teenager outside east London McDonald's burger shop caught on CCTV". Both of these example are just the mere couple of thousands of different articles on youth- both displaying and forming a destructive stereotype of labeling youth as a collective identity and culture in general. This can be argued by a sociologist Merton as having a leading effect known as the self-fulfilling prophecy- this is when longer enough labelled as the negative stereotypes, they internally start to believe in this way, for example, if someone is always labelled as someone who goes out looking for trouble and causes violence, when they do not, if given this labeled long enough, this teenager may start to think that maybe they are just another violent teen and start behaving in this way anyway- because they might as well if they are already given this label.
An article was publishes by The Independent- by Richard Garner- with the headline "Hoodie, Louts, Scum": how the media demonises teenagers. This article goes on to talk about different figures revealing how mediation negatively displays youth. Collecting example such as- 4,374/8,629 newspapers about teenagers in the past year were about crime. Furthermore showing how fewer than one in 10 articles about young people actually quoted young people or included their perspective in the debate- this shows how mediation has taken place into describing teenagers. It is one sided and can be argued as bias, thus being an unreliable source of evidence. However, as the newspaper "The Sun", is the most popular read newspaper, it is easy for Rupert Murdoch to spread his right winged ideology of teenagers being troublesome very easily. This is further supported by theorist Greg Philo who argues that contemporary "hoodie cinema" reflects middle class anxiety about the threat of teenagers dominance posed by the working class.
Leading on from this, theorist Angela McRobbie suggests that contemporary British Tv normally containts "symbolic violence" against the working class, in the modern day, an example of this is the popular TV show "Waterloo Road", this is a TV programme showing a destructive school- with students all mainly from the working class background, it is able to form a strong stereotype of all youths being this destructive and not listening to the teachers.
An "older" example of representations of youth is the film Quadrophenia. This film is about the different groups around the 60s- the confrontation between collective identity groups; the Mods, and the Rockers. This film goes on to show the difference between the two groups and the battle "of the cults". This film shows how youth isn't just one collective identity, there are many sub groups within youth- such as Mods, Rockers, Punks, Hippies, Emos, Hoodies... and so on. This film shows the meeting of the two groups in Brighton and the police acting as a deterant have to break up this "war" and it shows them breaking shop windows, running into peoples gardens and hurting each other. This example is an example of Hedbrige's claim that media representations of young people is portrayed as either fun or trouble, there is no in between; for this film, it is all trouble, even when it could be argued they are having fun- at the establishing scene in a party, they are still doing illegal things such as taking drugs- thus suggesting that in the 60s the creators of this film wanted to show teenagers as violent and destructive.
A more modern version of a movie which portrays teenagers is the film St. Trinians. This movie has similarities to the idea of Quadrophenia as a way of showing the different subcultures of youth. However St. Trinian leads to show the audience how even though teenagers may be the emos, the geeks, the CHAVS, the posh totties, the odds and the Eco freaks (the groups displayed in the movie) they can still all work together in order to get what they want- to complete a robbery. Thus showing how teenagers all together are troublesome.
Through the use of movies, across the years different stereotypes of youth have been taught and portrayed to audiences across the world. Starting with older films, such as the British view of youth in the film Bullet Boy; made in 2004, by BBC films in London. This film starting with a teenager within a police center, he has just been let out, the audience are unsure what for, but it appears he is "on bail", if he does wrong again he will be back there. This automatically gives a negative stereotype of representing youth. Through the examples of Ann Gould's stereotypes, this establishing shot conveys a rebellion stereotype- even 2 minutes into the film. This rebellion stereotype is portrayed across the film through various ways, for example, the speech between the friends is "their own" as a way to break away from everyone else, not speaking "properly", examples of this is them "kissing their teeth" when they don't like something, or the words used such as "what's g'urning blud"- showing their collective identity. On the other hand, this movie portrays the negative sides of youth, but it also portrays how they can be rude to "outsiders" but really care for their friends and family- reinforcing the collective identity perspective. Furthermore, this British film includes hegemony, it is the Middle Class who are making these films in order to suppress the working class in a negative light- as always looking for trouble, putting them in a bad light, thus linking to the use of ideology of protection, parents may see this movie and try to keep their child not to be like this.
Across the years, Americanisation has occured- where the majority of the media we are presented with it from the American perspective. Another example of representations of youth in modern media is the movie- Perks Of Being A Wallflower, made in 2014, with world known actors such as Emma Watson, making this movie "one to watch". It portrays youth in a much less violent way than the Bullet Boy movie did. This may be an across of how representations of youth over time have lessened on how harshly they exaggerate the youth identity. This movie is an example of theorist Hedbridge- youth either being fun or trouble. We were shown a small section of the movie, starting with a couple of friends in a car, driving late at night dropping friends home, they are shown with the music on really loudly with the windows down, this shows the lack of consideration they have as they are driving through a housing estate where people would have been more than likely sleeping. However, some may look at this and say they aren't doing any real harm as they would drive past a house and seconds later would be quite again- they are just having fun. The clip we were shown ended with them introducing the "new kid" into their group calling it "the island of misfits"- this is their collective identiy, they don't feel as if they fit in anywhere, yet they all fit in together- the irony is shown here into representing youth that nothings ever enough- they fit in together, yet they still class themselves as outcasts because they don't fit in with the "norm", yet who's to say what the "norm" is. Thus representing youth as peer pressure confound.
Through the use of movies, across the years different stereotypes of youth have been taught and portrayed to audiences across the world. Starting with older films, such as the British view of youth in the film Bullet Boy; made in 2004, by BBC films in London. This film starting with a teenager within a police center, he has just been let out, the audience are unsure what for, but it appears he is "on bail", if he does wrong again he will be back there. This automatically gives a negative stereotype of representing youth. Through the examples of Ann Gould's stereotypes, this establishing shot conveys a rebellion stereotype- even 2 minutes into the film. This rebellion stereotype is portrayed across the film through various ways, for example, the speech between the friends is "their own" as a way to break away from everyone else, not speaking "properly", examples of this is them "kissing their teeth" when they don't like something, or the words used such as "what's g'urning blud"- showing their collective identity. On the other hand, this movie portrays the negative sides of youth, but it also portrays how they can be rude to "outsiders" but really care for their friends and family- reinforcing the collective identity perspective. Furthermore, this British film includes hegemony, it is the Middle Class who are making these films in order to suppress the working class in a negative light- as always looking for trouble, putting them in a bad light, thus linking to the use of ideology of protection, parents may see this movie and try to keep their child not to be like this.
Across the years, Americanisation has occured- where the majority of the media we are presented with it from the American perspective. Another example of representations of youth in modern media is the movie- Perks Of Being A Wallflower, made in 2014, with world known actors such as Emma Watson, making this movie "one to watch". It portrays youth in a much less violent way than the Bullet Boy movie did. This may be an across of how representations of youth over time have lessened on how harshly they exaggerate the youth identity. This movie is an example of theorist Hedbridge- youth either being fun or trouble. We were shown a small section of the movie, starting with a couple of friends in a car, driving late at night dropping friends home, they are shown with the music on really loudly with the windows down, this shows the lack of consideration they have as they are driving through a housing estate where people would have been more than likely sleeping. However, some may look at this and say they aren't doing any real harm as they would drive past a house and seconds later would be quite again- they are just having fun. The clip we were shown ended with them introducing the "new kid" into their group calling it "the island of misfits"- this is their collective identiy, they don't feel as if they fit in anywhere, yet they all fit in together- the irony is shown here into representing youth that nothings ever enough- they fit in together, yet they still class themselves as outcasts because they don't fit in with the "norm", yet who's to say what the "norm" is. Thus representing youth as peer pressure confound.
Tuesday, 11 October 2016
Contemporary Media Issues- Youth
More examples we can use are…
Waterloo road,
Bad education.
Must include as many examples and theorist as you can link= more marks.
Information I found shocking from the link above:
The Independent- Richard Garner; "Hoodies, Louts, Scum": how media demonises teenagers
"Attack the blog"- A film showing british culture- youth.
~The representations of youth… shown are "yobs" and "scum" who are violent and you should be wary of them.
~The effects of these representations…Makes teenagers feel like everyone thinks they are bad, making them act in this way, because if people think they are this, why not do it?- I this case leading to the Self Fulfilling prophecy.
~The role of media representations in society...
HOMEWORK!!!!
For example- the police- In the Hillsborough disaster- because the police had power they got away for so many years at the fans being the reason for the event, even though now we know this not to be true.
Hebdige- Media representations of young people is portrayed as either fun or trouble. Artificial tribes. Youth subcultures resist hegemony through style.
Skin heads- 1970s- unemployments- fat cats- they were saying society was bad, they didn't want to belong to it, thought society had nothing to do with them, they just wanted to have fun.
Punks
Hippie,
Hoodies
In the modern day, youth is shown as "dangerous" and "thugs", through wearing hoodies.
I think this is a wrong stereotype, even though there as such groups who wear hoodies and aren't nice, although not every aspect of the youth culture is in this way.
Media coverage-
Acland- 1995- The effects of media representations of delinquent youth, Developed the concept of the ideology of protection, media representations of anti-social youth reinforces hegemony (need to control them or they will be destructive- the media during the riots- they published headlines calling them delinquents and getting people to restrict them from going out (parents) so they don't get involved in that behaviour.
To maintain social order and hegemony.
Examples:
Quadrophenia~ the police arrested them for being trouble, their parents shouted at them for having drugs. To teach parents not to let their children be this way- to discipline them. He was out of control, his parents told him to "buck his ideas up"-
Kidulthood
Babylon
Bullet Boy
St. Trinians
Gerbner-1986-Cultivation theory- The effect of television on viewers. The repetitive nature of tv means that over time tv influences how people see the world- The constant view that teenagers are bad, the older generation may be lead to believe this is true and to make sure their children don't go down this route. The older generation would also try to get the streets better- getting the police to control the youth.
The more likely they are to believe social reality portrayed on tv.
It is used to be the parent, the school, the church, the community. Now its a handful of global conglomerates that have nothing to tell, but a great deal to sell.
For example:
Rupert Murdoch- The news corporation- The Sun- They may be biased- Right wing influenced.
Greg Philo- Argues that contemporary "hoodie cinema" reflects middle class anxiety about the threat to their dominance posed by the working class.
Angela McRobbie- Suggests that contemporary British Tv often contains "symbolic violence" against the working class, for example, representations which emphasise middle class dominance and depict the working class in very negative ways
Ann Gould- 6 key stereotypes in the medias representation of youth…
Rebellious
Artificial tribe
Sexual
Nihilistic- not following state rules.
Violent
Self destructive.
Two newspapers articles of how youth is represented.
Theres a drive to tell people and make them think that all teenagers are "Violent"- Ann Gould's stereotypes- And the protection ideology- informing people to keep children inside the house, but also people could argue there needs to be more police. The hegemony here can be the control of the police- keeping and informing other teenagers not to behave like this or they too will be sentenced to prison- acting as a deterrent for them to display these behaviours.
Giroux- 1997- Youth becomes an empty category in representation- reflects adults concerns. Media representation of youth does not reflect reality of youth identity- its an exaggerated caricatures. Watching too much tv in order to believe it.
Cohen- The mods and the rockers riots in the 1960s. From time to time "folk devils" emerge.
Lots of the information was fictitious.
They wanted to make a negative stereotyped view of youth. Out a dampener of the people coming through and trying to join, trying to involvck the parents to stop their children buying things such as bikes.
Tuesday, 4 October 2016
Generic Theory
Hypodermic Needle theory- 1930s
Cohen's moral panic theory: 1972
Add meanings and quotes and visuals.
Representation- the way ideas, objects, people, groups and life forms are depicted by the mass media. Any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of a media text.
The way the media represent women...
The way I think the media should portray women…
Collective Identity- The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values, (part of personal identity). Not just the representations from mainstream media but also through self construction by users of media. (Social networking, pub discussions, etc). "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"
Mediation- Is the process of selection and shaping, creating meaning from an original event- The editors version of reality is represented to public.
It is the process through which representations are created.
Structuration- the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change) The change of the social norms- for example the change of the lack of stigma to homosexual couples. The way media operated years ago has changed.
Buckingham- (2008) "Identity is complicated/ complex" "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"- (radicalisation)- If the media was to only look at one aspect of something, a social group, for example youth, may be lead wrongly and negatively, for example in looking a different races.
Giddens-There is a social structure which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures (rules/ expectations/ social order). (being pressured to act in a certain way because of "Social norms"- the way society has made us think- If our teacher was to walk in wearing bright makeup and a dress, we might be a bit confused and question it- because of how we have been brought up, by our parents, but also the media. "The two step flow theory" , For example, generations before used to always go to church, yet over time this has stopped.
People used to have to be married before having a child, if a child was born out of wed-lock, it was stigmatised, yet now there has been a lack of stigma- society has changed.
Women used to have no independence, having no vote, any thing they owned was said to be their husbands- but then there was the suffragette movement- giving women the rights.
When they (individuals) act differently the social structure can change. STRUCTUATION is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change)
Cohen's moral panic theory: 1972
Add meanings and quotes and visuals.
Representation- the way ideas, objects, people, groups and life forms are depicted by the mass media. Any consideration of a "collective identity" must take into account the role that representation plays within the construction of a media text.
The way the media represent women...
Women are being show what the "perfect" body type is an how they should look. Which is having a negative effect on society because vulnerable teens are being brain washed into thinking this is right. Alongside this, teenagers are constantly being shown images of women such as this advert, to make other people feel bad about how they look- ruining their mental health, making the product to be brought. This is an oppressing media representation because this model is underdress- which also implies that to be "pretty" you much show as much skin as possible.
The way I think the media should portray women…
However I think the representation of women should be more on the lines of celebrities such as Jennifer Lawrence, who was told she was "too fat" to be in the movies, yet she refused to sink to peer pressure and stayed the same. Furthermore, If role models such as Jennifer Lawrence would be much more empowering for the younger generation.
Collective Identity- The individuals sense of belonging to a group who share a set of traditions and values, (part of personal identity). Not just the representations from mainstream media but also through self construction by users of media. (Social networking, pub discussions, etc). "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"
This could have an influence of peoples opinions on the views of teenagers- and more importantly "CHAVS", as they are having children when they are still children themselves, this can have an impact on teenagers themselves because they may see the newspapers such as these, and may think this is okay, and they too are able to have children because if these teens can do it, so can they.
Mediation- Is the process of selection and shaping, creating meaning from an original event- The editors version of reality is represented to public.
It is the process through which representations are created.
After the hillsborough disaster, The Sun newspaper created a headline making it appear that the police were trying their hardest and it was all the fans fault- this help the police cover up their tracks, and it has taken 27 years to finally reveal that it was actually the polices fault- The Sun only showed a bias side and didn't include the side of the victims.
Identity- this can be argued to be something unique to each of us that we assume is more or less consistent (and hence the same) over time… Our identity is something we uniquely possess: it is what distinguishes us from others.
Structuration- the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change) The change of the social norms- for example the change of the lack of stigma to homosexual couples. The way media operated years ago has changed.
Buckingham- (2008) "Identity is complicated/ complex" "A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups"- (radicalisation)- If the media was to only look at one aspect of something, a social group, for example youth, may be lead wrongly and negatively, for example in looking a different races.
A way to understand Buckinghams theory of ""A focus on identity requires us to pay closer attention to the ways in which media and technologies are used in everyday life their consequences for social groups", Is Kim Kardashian, because if teenagers are following people such as her, they are being led to thinking this is the way all women should look, it objectifies women into thinking, they need a big enough bum, to be able to balance a win glass on it.
Gauntlett- "identity is now consciously constructed, and the media provides some of the tools to help us construct our identities. The media contains a huge number of messages about identity and acceptable lifestyles. At the same time the public have their own diverse set of feelings. The media and media consumers are engaged in a dialogue in which neither overpowers the other"(This links to the "hypodermic needle theory" and Halls, Encoding and Decoding.
(The media choose how identity is represented)
One of the examples that can show this theory is The Suns newspaper of 1 in 5 Brit Muslims' sympathy for jihadis.
Giddens-There is a social structure which shapes our lives (traditions, institutions, moral codes, established ways of doing things), but it relies on individuals following these structures (rules/ expectations/ social order). (being pressured to act in a certain way because of "Social norms"- the way society has made us think- If our teacher was to walk in wearing bright makeup and a dress, we might be a bit confused and question it- because of how we have been brought up, by our parents, but also the media. "The two step flow theory" , For example, generations before used to always go to church, yet over time this has stopped.
People used to have to be married before having a child, if a child was born out of wed-lock, it was stigmatised, yet now there has been a lack of stigma- society has changed.
Women used to have no independence, having no vote, any thing they owned was said to be their husbands- but then there was the suffragette movement- giving women the rights.
When they (individuals) act differently the social structure can change. STRUCTUATION is the process in which human agency and social structure are in a constant relationship +/- the social structure is reproduced by the repetition of acts by individual people (and can therefore change)
An example of this is the film Hairspray because it shows the division of how the black people were inferior to white people. This film included the different parts of racism.
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